ABSTRACT
Duodenal cancer is a clinically rare gastrointestinal malignant tumor. Its early symptoms lack specificity, making it difficult to diagnose clinically and easy to be misdiagnosed and missed. The treatment of duodenal cancer is mainly surgery, supplemented by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Most patients have already experienced local invasion or distant metastasis at the time of first diagnosis, and lack of effective treatment, the prognosis is extremely poor. In recent years, a series of studies have pointed out that targeted therapy and immunotherapy can improve the prognosis of patients with duodenal cancer. This article reviews the progress of diagnosis and treatment of duodenal cancer, hoping to help guide clinical diagnosis and treatment and develop new treatment options.
ABSTRACT
Bone metastasis is one of the common complications of patients with advanced prostate cancer. The treatment of skeletal-related events (SRE) caused by bone metastasis, such as the pain, is not effective, and the prognosis is poor, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Therefore, exploring the bone metastasis of prostate cancer is of great significance. At present, the relevant mechanism of bone metastasis is still unclear, and the vicious cycle formed by the interaction between the host microenvironment and prostate cancer cells, might be an important reason, among which, the research on RANK-RANKL signaling pathway is relatively mature. This article reviews the current research status of prostate cancer bone metastasis-related signaling pathways, and describes the regulatory relationships of the same signaling molecules in different signaling pathways.
ABSTRACT
Bone metastasis is one of the common complications of patients with advanced prostate cancer. The treatment of skeletal-related events (SRE) caused by bone metastasis, such as the pain, is not effective, and the prognosis is poor, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Therefore, exploring the bone metastasis of prostate cancer is of great significance. At present, the relevant mechanism of bone metastasis is still unclear, and the vicious cycle formed by the interaction between the host microenvironment and prostate cancer cells, might be an important reason, among which, the research on RANK-RANKL signaling pathway is relatively mature. This article reviews the current research status of prostate cancer bone metastasis-related signaling pathways, and describes the regulatory relationships of the same signaling molecules in different signaling pathways.